Decomposition

Tips for navigating the slides:
  • Press O or Escape for overview mode.
  • Press the copy icon on the upper right of code blocks to copy the code

Class outline:

  • Modules
  • Packages
  • Modularity
  • Modular design

Modules

Python modules

A Python module is a file typically containing function or class definitions.

link.py:


                    class Link:
                        empty = ()

                        def __init__(self, first, rest=empty):
                            assert rest is Link.empty or isinstance(rest, Link)
                            self.first = first
                            self.rest = rest

                        def __repr__(self):
                            if self.rest:
                                rest_repr = ', ' + repr(self.rest)
                            else:
                                rest_repr = ''
                            return 'Link(' + repr(self.first) + rest_repr + ')'

                        def __str__(self):
                            string = '<'
                            while self.rest is not Link.empty:
                                string += str(self.first) + ' '
                                self = self.rest
                            return string + str(self.first) + '>'
                    

Importing

Importing a whole module:


                    import link

                    ll = link.Link(3, link.Link(4, link.Link(5)))
                    

Importing specific names:


                    from link import Link

                    ll = Link(3, Link(4, Link(5)))
                    

Importing all names:


                    from link import *

                    ll = Link(3, Link(4, Link(5)))
                    

Importing with alias

I don't recommend aliasing a class or function name:


                    from link import Link as LL

                    ll = LL(3, LL(4, LL(5)))
                    

But aliasing a whole module is sometimes okay (and is common in data science):


                    import numpy as np

                    b = np.array([(1.5, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)])
                    

Running a module

This command runs a module:


                    python module.py
                    

When run like that, Python sets a global variable __name__ to "main". That means you often see code at the bottom of modules like this:


                    if __name__ == "__main__":
                        # use the code in the module somehow
                    

The code inside that condition will be executed as well, but only when the module is run directly.

Packages

Python packages

A Python package is a way of bundling multiple related modules together. Popular packages are NumPy and Pillow.

Example package structure:


                    sound/                        Top-level package
                        __init__.py               Initialize the sound package
                        formats/                  Subpackage for file format conversions
                                __init__.py
                                wavread.py
                                wavwrite.py
                                aiffread.py
                                aiffwrite.py
                                auread.py
                                auwrite.py
                                ...
                        effects/                  Subpackage for sound effects
                                __init__.py
                                echo.py
                                surround.py
                                reverse.py
                                ...
                        filters/                  Subpackage for filters
                                __init__.py
                                equalizer.py
                                vocoder.py
                                karaoke.py
                                ...
                    

Importing from a package

Importing a whole path:


                    import sound.effects.echo

                    sound.effects.echo.echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)
                    

Importing a module from the path:


                    from sound.effects import echo
    
                    echo.echofilter(input, output, delay=0.7, atten=4)
                    

Installing packages

The Python Package Index is a repository of packages for the Python language.

Once you find a package you like, pip is the standard way to install:


                    pip install nltk
                    

You may need to use pip3 if your system defaults to Python 2.

Modularity

Modular design

A design principle: Isolate different parts of a program that address different concerns.

A modular component can be developed and tested independently.

Ways to isolate in Python:

  • Functions
  • Classes
  • Modules
  • Packages

Hog design


                    ┌─────────────┐ ┌────────────┐
                    │  hog.py     │ │  dice.py   │
                    │             │ │            │
                    │ Strategies  │ │ Dice rolls │
                    └────┬────────┘ └─────┬──────┘
                         │                │
                         │                │
                    ┌────▼────────────────▼─────┐
                    │       hog_gui.py          │
                    │                           │
                    │     Plays the game        │
                    │     according to rules.   │
                    └───────────────────────────┘
                    

Ants design

See also: Ants class diagram

Icon project

Screenshot of icon displaying project

Icon design

An OOP Icon

Goal: Use OOP to represent an Icon with pixels at a particular location with a particular color.

Diagram of icon with pixels

The Color class


                    class Color:

                        def __init__(self, r, g, b):
                            self.r = r
                            self.g = g
                            self.b = b

                        def __repr__(self):
                            return f"Color({self.r},{self.g},{self.b})"

                        def to_hex(self):
                            return f"#{self.r:02x}{self.g:02x}{self.b:02x}"
                    

                    red = Color(255, 0, 0)
                    print(red.to_hex())
                    

The Pixel class


                    class Pixel:
                        def __init__(self, x, y, r, g, b):
                            self.x = x
                            self.y = y
                            self.color = Color(r, g, b)

                        def __repr__(self):
                            return f"Pixel({self.x},{self.y},{self.color})"
                    

                    pixel = Pixel(0, 7, 255, 0, 0)
                    print(pixel.color.to_hex())
                    

The Icon class


                    class Icon:

                        def __init__(self, width, height, pixels=None):
                            self.width = width
                            self.height = height
                            self.pixels = pixels
                            if not self.pixels:
                                self.pixels = [ Pixel(x, y, 0, 0, 0)
                                    for x in range(width) for y in range(height)]

                        def __repr__(self):
                            pixels = ",".join([repr(pixel) for pixel in self.pixels])
                            return f"Icon({self.width}, {self.height}, {self.pixels})"
                    

                    icon = Icon(2, 2, [Pixel(0, 0, 255, 0, 0),
                        Pixel(0, 1, 255, 50, 0),
                        Pixel(1, 0, 255, 100, 0),
                        Pixel(1, 1, 255, 150, 0)])

                    for pixel in icon.pixels:
                        pixel.color.g += 50
                    

The DisplayFrame class


                    from tkinter import Canvas, Frame, BOTH, font

                    class DisplayFrame(Frame):

                        def __init__(self):
                            super().__init__()
                            self.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)
                            self.canvas = Canvas(self)
                            self.canvas.pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1)

                        def draw_icon(self, icon):
                            x_offset = 50
                            y_offset = 50
                            pixel_size = 20

                            for pixel in icon.pixels:
                                top_left_x = x_offset + pixel.x * pixel_size
                                top_left_y = y_offset + pixel.y * pixel_size
                                self.canvas.create_rectangle(
                                    top_left_x,
                                    top_left_y,
                                    top_left_x + pixel_size,
                                    top_left_y + pixel_size,
                                    outline="",
                                    fill=pixel.color.to_hex())
                    

All together


                    from tkinter import Tk

                    from icon import Icon, Pixel, Color
                    from display_frame import DisplayFrame

                    # Initialize the Tkinter frame and canvas
                    root = Tk()

                    # Create an icon
                    icon = Icon(2, 2, [Pixel(0, 0, 255, 0, 0),
                                       Pixel(0, 1, 255, 50, 0),
                                       Pixel(1, 0, 255, 100, 0),
                                       Pixel(1, 1, 255, 150, 0)])

                    # Draw the icon
                    display = DisplayFrame()
                    display.draw_icon(icon)

                    # Run Tkinter loop
                    root.mainloop()
                    

Visit the Repl.it demo to see all the classes used with the Python tkinter package for graphics rendering.

Iterator-producing functions

What happens if we...

map the pixels?


                    changer = lambda p: Pixel(p.x, p.y,
                        p.x * 30,
                        p.color.g + 30,
                        p.y * 30)
                    icon.pixels = list(map(changer, icon.pixels))
                    

filter the pixels?


                    is_odd = lambda p: p.x % 2 == 0
                    icon.pixels = list(filter(is_odd, icon.pixels))
                    

Iterable-processing functions

What happens if we ask for the min and max of the pixels?


                    max_pix = max(icon.pixels)
                    min_pix = min(icon.pixels)
                    

Python doesn't know how to compare Pixel instances! Two options:

  • Implement dunder methods (__eq__, __lt__, etc)
  • Pass in a key function that returns a numerical value:

                    rgb_adder = lambda p: p.color.r + p.color.g + p.color.b
                    max_pix = max(icon.pixels, key=rgb_adder)
                    min_pix = min(icon.pixels, key=rgb_adder)
                    

Python Project of The Day!

Panda3D

Panda3D: an open-source, completely free-to-use engine for realtime 3D games, visualizations, simulations, experiments. Written in C++ with Python bindings.
Screenshot of a Panda carousel animation in Panda3D

Github organization, Open Collective